Opleiding tot arts
1971 - 1979 Medicine at the University Hospital of Leiden

Opleiding tot medisch specialist
1986 - 1987  Fellowship Electrofysiologie Department of Cardiology of the St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein NL

1981 - 1985  Resident of Internal Medicine and Cardiology in respectively the Elisabeth Hospital Amersfoort NL and the St Antonius Hospital Utrecht/Nieuwegein NL.

1979 - 1980 Resident of the Department of Anaesthesiology of the Military Hospital in Utrecht NL